31-2 Rescuing Critically Endangered Native American Languages

The Last Word

This issue of Cultural Survival Quarterly focuses on one of the most critical yet little-known problems in the United States today: the rapid and catastrophic disappearance of Native American languages. At first glance it might seem to be an inconsequential problem. You might think it doesn’t matter what language you use to communicate, as long as you’re understood. You might also think...

Solidarity as Strong as Silk

The island nation of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean has a fomba, or proverb, that roughly translates, “While one silk thread is strong, many woven together are stronger.” The proverb is speaking about community life and the essential need for solidarity. In the district of Manandriana in central Madagascar, a cooperative of silk weavers has championed this theme of solidarity in their...

Indigenous Rock Star Wins Lawsuit Against Aveda

Robby Romero, an Apache rock musician and indigenous rights activist whose band, Red Thunder, is a mainstay on MTV, has won a lawsuit against the cosmetics company Aveda. In the suit, Romero claimed that Aveda failed to compensate him for its “Indigenous” product line, which Romero developed as a means to raise funds to support grassroots Native American organizations. The products were made...

Declaration Held Hostage by African States

The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is being held hostage by a group of African states that do not want to recognize that there are indigenous peoples in Africa. An affirmative General Assembly vote for the declaration, which was adopted one year ago by the UN Human Rights Council, should have been pro forma. Instead, African states, claiming that they did not have...

‘Aha Pūnana Leo

I ka ‘ōlelo nō ke ola, i ka ‘ōlelo nō ka make. In language there is life, in language there is death. An old proverb that has served as instruction, as warning and, fearfully, as prophecy since the ancient times, we the kupa o ka ‘āina (children of the land) have taken it to heart. For 24 years, the Hawaiian language program ‘Aha Pūnana Leo has existed to serve a single purpose...

Saving America's Endangered Languages

Revitalizing critically endangered Native American languages is not on the list of urgent public policy priorities. Yet to the Native Americans whose languages are just a few years away from extinction, the loss goes to the heart of their identity. It’s a matter of cultural survival. Native Americans did not lose their languages. Their languages were stolen from them by immigrants to American...

A Language Out of Time

Five hundred years ago, the Wampanoag people received a prophecy. It said that the Wampanoag would not be able to keep their language, but that a group of Wampanoag people would leave southern New England taking with them a pipe containing the spirit of language. One day, according to the prophecy, a woman in the East would welcome the language home. When the Pilgrims arrived from...

Language Advocates Seek $10 Million in Federal Appropriations

Native Americans from across the country gathered in Washington, D.C., on June 4 and 5, 2007, to lobby Congress to appropriate $10 million for the Esther Martinez Native American Language Preservation Act, which was unanimously passed by the House and Senate in December.The act, named for a 94-year-old Tewa author and language teacher, funds native language immersion programs throughout the...

On the Brink

An overview of the disappearance of America’s first languages: how it happened and what we need to do about it. Ho nihkânetike. (Hello friends.) My name in English is Jacob Manatowa-Bailey. I am the director of the Sauk Language Department for the Sac and Fox Nation of Oklahoma. Sauk, like so many indigenous languages on this continent, stands at a crossroads. In the next few...

The Heart of the Matter

In the 1800s the U.S. government designated what is now Oklahoma as Indian Territory and began moving tribes from other areas to the territory to make way for white expansion. That history gives the state a unique position: it has more Indian tribes than any other state and thus more languages at risk. Oklahoma’s unique history as Indian Territory has caused it to end up with an amazing...

Small Talk

Even though there are clear methods to revive an endangered language, they can’t always readily be applied. Unfortunately, the tribes with the most severely endangered languages are often the ones least able to implement rescue efforts. Endangered Native American languages can be roughly broken down into two categories. One is made up of large, relatively wealthy tribes like the 250,000-...

Documentation or Implementation

When it comes to saving native languages, linguists and small native communities would seem to be natural partners. But beneath the surface, the demands of the academy and the needs of the community constitute separate agendas.In most cases, academic study of the language produces papers that are esoteric and offer little assistance to communities. Scholars who have already invested thousands of...

The Language of Success

One of the poorest—and poorest performing—schools in Alabama has become the top school in the state and is now a model for schools all over the country, all because it introduced students to their own identity. Calcedeaver Elementary School has every reason to be an abject failure. Located in the sandy, rolling forestlands north of Mobile, Alabama, it’s in a rural area with very few...

Swimming in Words

The following text is drawn from a booklet titled "Encouragement, Guidance, Insights, and Lessons Learned for Native Language Activists Developing Their Own Tribal Language Programs." The booklet is a transcript of a conversation in March 2000 between Darrell Kipp and 12 native language activists at the Piegan Institute, the Blackfeet immersion school co-founded by Kipp. The full text is...